p_aradigma
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arkadaşlar ben aranıza yeni katıldım aşağıdakileri hocam ödev olarak verdi ama tam olarak türkçeye çeviremiyorum yarım yamalak çeviriyorum
eminim yardım eden birisi çıkcaktır çevirileriniz için şimdiden teşekürler..
Data
Today the term data is associated in many peoples’ minds
mainly with computers. However, data (as in “given facts”
or measurements) has been used as a term by scientists and
scholars for centuries. Just as with a counting bead, a notch
in a stick, or a handwritten tally, data as stored in a computer
(or on digital media) is a representation of facts about
the world. These facts might be temperature readings, customer
addresses, dots in an image, the characteristics of
a sound at a given instant, or any number of other things.
But because computer data is not a fact but a representation
of facts, its accuracy and usefulness depends not only on
the accuracy of the original data, but on its context in the
computer.
At bottom, computer data consists of binary states (represented
numerically as ones or zeroes) stored using some
physical characteristic such as an electrical or magnetic
charge or a spot capable of absorbing or reflecting light.
A string of ones and zeroes in a computer has no inherent
meaning. Is the bit pattern 01000001 a number equivalent
to 65 in the decimal system? Yes. Is it the capital letter “A”?
It may be, if interpreted as an ASCII character code. Is it
part of some larger number? Again, it may be, if the memory
location containing this pattern is interpreted as part of
a set of two, four, or more memory locations.
In order to be interpreted, data must be assigned a category
such as integer, floating point (decimal), or character
(see data types). The programming language compiler uses
the data type to determine how many memory locations
make up that data item, and which bits in memory correspond
to which bits in the actual number. Data items can be
treated as a batch (see arr ay) for convenience, or different
kinds of data such as names, addresses, and Social Security
numbers can be grouped together into records or structures
that correspond to an entity of interest (such as a customer).
In creating a structure within the program to represent the
data, the programmer must be cognizant of its purpose and
intended use.
The programming language and code statements define
the context of data within the rules of the language. However,
the meaning of data must ultimately be constructed
by the human beings who use it. For example, whether a
test score is good, bad, or indifferent is not a characteristic
of the data itself, but is determined by the purposes of
the test designer. This is why a distinction is often made
between data, as raw numbers or characters, and information
as data that has been placed in a meaningful context
so that it can be useful and perhaps even enlightening to
the user.
Further Reading
Bierman, Alan W. Great Ideas in Computer Science: a Gentle Introduction.
2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1997.
Hillis, Daniel W. The Pattern on the Stone: the Simple Ideas that
Make Computers Work. New York: Basic Books, 1998.
eminim yardım eden birisi çıkcaktır çevirileriniz için şimdiden teşekürler..
Data
Today the term data is associated in many peoples’ minds
mainly with computers. However, data (as in “given facts”
or measurements) has been used as a term by scientists and
scholars for centuries. Just as with a counting bead, a notch
in a stick, or a handwritten tally, data as stored in a computer
(or on digital media) is a representation of facts about
the world. These facts might be temperature readings, customer
addresses, dots in an image, the characteristics of
a sound at a given instant, or any number of other things.
But because computer data is not a fact but a representation
of facts, its accuracy and usefulness depends not only on
the accuracy of the original data, but on its context in the
computer.
At bottom, computer data consists of binary states (represented
numerically as ones or zeroes) stored using some
physical characteristic such as an electrical or magnetic
charge or a spot capable of absorbing or reflecting light.
A string of ones and zeroes in a computer has no inherent
meaning. Is the bit pattern 01000001 a number equivalent
to 65 in the decimal system? Yes. Is it the capital letter “A”?
It may be, if interpreted as an ASCII character code. Is it
part of some larger number? Again, it may be, if the memory
location containing this pattern is interpreted as part of
a set of two, four, or more memory locations.
In order to be interpreted, data must be assigned a category
such as integer, floating point (decimal), or character
(see data types). The programming language compiler uses
the data type to determine how many memory locations
make up that data item, and which bits in memory correspond
to which bits in the actual number. Data items can be
treated as a batch (see arr ay) for convenience, or different
kinds of data such as names, addresses, and Social Security
numbers can be grouped together into records or structures
that correspond to an entity of interest (such as a customer).
In creating a structure within the program to represent the
data, the programmer must be cognizant of its purpose and
intended use.
The programming language and code statements define
the context of data within the rules of the language. However,
the meaning of data must ultimately be constructed
by the human beings who use it. For example, whether a
test score is good, bad, or indifferent is not a characteristic
of the data itself, but is determined by the purposes of
the test designer. This is why a distinction is often made
between data, as raw numbers or characters, and information
as data that has been placed in a meaningful context
so that it can be useful and perhaps even enlightening to
the user.
Further Reading
Bierman, Alan W. Great Ideas in Computer Science: a Gentle Introduction.
2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1997.
Hillis, Daniel W. The Pattern on the Stone: the Simple Ideas that
Make Computers Work. New York: Basic Books, 1998.
